Contributor Reviewed By Mike Cetera editor Updated: Sep 1, 2023, 9:50am Editorial Note: We earn a commission. For decades, our experienced trial lawyers have consistently obtained record-setting results in courtrooms across the United States, resulting in settlements and verdicts exceeding $6 billion. Divorce Lawyers; Family Lawyers;Give a call for Elmiron defective drug lawyers, Elmiron eye damage lawyers, and hire professional local Elmiron eye injury lawyers. About Lindsay. Home; Legal Services. Call Us Today! 833-426-0804. And we will do what is necessary to win your case. § 44-7-20). Wasche for a Free Initial Consultation. Send Us Email. Milwaukee Elmiron Lawsuit Lawyer Should I File an Elmiron Lawsuit? Millions of patients, including many in Wisconsin, have been prescribed Elmiron since 1996, when it was approved by the FDA as a way to treat several chronic bladder conditions, such as interstitial cystitis (IC), known better as “painful bladder syndrome”, a bladder condition that affects a million Americans, mostly women. Nationally recognized drug recall lawyer discusses reasons for FDA drug recalls and how to file a drug recall lawsuit. Home; Legal Services. If you’re suffering from vision problems or blindness caused by Elmrion, an Elmiron lawsuit lawyer from our firm can help you take legal action. But there are still some important things to keep in mind. Divorce Lawyers; Family Lawyers;Give a call for Elmiron defective drug lawyers, Elmiron eye damage lawyers, and hire professional local Elmiron eye injury lawyers. View Website View Lawyer Profile Email Lawyer. Recent research has shown that Elmiron, an intrastitial cystitis, drug used to treat bladder pain, is linked to degenerative eye disease maculopathy. Jason Martin is an experienced and knowledgeable professional in the insurance industry, with over 26 years of relevant knowledge under his. Bike Accidents; Bus Accidents;For a FREE consultation with an experienced injury attorney handling Elmiron vision loss claims, please call 1-800-525-7111. Home; Services. We offer the best Legal Services in Augusta. Get Quick Support (888) 638-0008 (888) 638-0008 Toggle navigation. Call Us Today! 833-426-0804. In other cases, our lawyers won verdicts of $120 million, $80 million, $57. Now that you know about the connection between Elmiron and vision injuries, the first step is to see a doctor. With empathy, respect, patience, and a steadfast dedication to your well-being, we will listen to you and guide you through the process at every step. Other Dangerous Drugs. Call Sokolove Law at (800) 995-1212 or get a free case review. 706-550-9106. Elmiron is a prescription medication manufactured by Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Elmiron Lawsuit Attorneys Whittel & Melton Helping Victims of Eye Damage Seek Compensation from the Makers of the Dangerous Drug Elmiron Contact Us Online or Statewide and Toll-free at 866-608-5529 . TorHoerman Law is a personal injury law firm with over $4 billion awarded in verdicts and settlements. Louis Elmiron Lawyers for a free case evaluation. Of course, an experienced Elmiron lawyer could assist you in filing the best possible case on an Elmiron lawsuit. a PPS) is manufactured by Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Location. Were You the Victim of a Serious Injury?Schuerger Shunnarah Trial Attorneys is a law firm that helps victims who have been involved in some type of accident. Home; Legal Services. There is no limit in eviction cases. Car accident lawyers know the Florida laws and federal laws that apply to your case. Understanding Class-Action Lawsuits Against Pharmaceutical Companies. CALL 1 (800) 863-5312 TO SPEAK WITH a drug injury Lawyer FOR FREE. $47. (619) 295-0035. Elmiron lawyers in Kansas. Free Consultation Divorce and Family. (207) 623-2543 One Weston Court. There has been no formal Elmiron recall and no Elmiron lawsuit settlements so far, but lawyers expect a global Elmiron settlement in 2023. Home; Services. The longer the victim waits to hire a lawyer, the less effective they can be. An initial bellwether trial is expected in 2023. 511 Courthouse Lane, Augusta, GA 30901. The Elmiron MDL (In Re: Elmiron (Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium) Prod. The dangerous drug and product liability attorneys at Grimes Teich Anderson and their national co-counsel are actively reviewing cases involving the devastating effects of long-term Elmiron use and seeking compensation on behalf of victims against Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Divorce Lawyers; Family Lawyers;Based on lawsuit payouts in other vision loss lawsuits involving drug side effects, our lawyers expect that the average Elmiron settlement amounts could vary widely between $50,000 to more than $500,000, depending on the circumstances of the case and the impact that the Elmiron vision side effects had on an individual’s life. C. Get Quick Support (888) 638-0008 (888) 638-0008 Toggle navigation. Location. Get Quick Support (888) 638-0008 (888) 638-0008 Toggle navigation. He also works with senior attorneys at the firm on complex trial matters. Location. Expenses: $48,449. elementor-element-157c53a{--align-items:stretch;--container-widget-width:calc( ( 1 - var. Location. Send Us Email. Our top-rated Elmiron Lawyers in Augusta Springs, VA are ready to help with the Elmiron lawsuit at The Attorney Direct. Email Us. C. Home; Legal Services. About Lindsay. Show Preview. Near or total blindness. LAWYER SEARCH. It is used to treat the bladder condition, interstitial cystitis. Send Us Email. Jolly III. Get Quick Support (888) 638-0008 (888) 638-0008 Toggle navigation. Elmiron ® is a prescription drug used to treat interstitial cystitis but has recently been connected to numerous vision problems in its users. Elmiron is the only FDA-approved drug prescribed to treat Interstitial Cystitis, which is an ailment that affects the urinary tract system and causes abdominal and pelvic pain. If you have a claim, call our lawyers at 800-553-8082 . Open for Business. Elmiron lawyer Matthew Marin has been recognized as a top attorney by the SuperLawyers organization as a “Rising Star” and now a “SuperLawyer” from 2014 through 2022. A pharmaceutical litigation lawyer at Napoli Shkolnik, PLLC can provide you with a free legal consultation to learn your rights. 1 Meet The Lawyer Filing Elmiron Lawsuits; 2 Helpful Resources; 3 Overview; 4 Reports of Elmiron Eye Damage Side Effects From Medical Journals, Universities, and Government Agencies (Timeline); 5 What is the Elmiron lawsuit all about? Maculopathy. 250. Bankruptcy Lawyers; Roundup Lawyers; Elmiron Lawyers; Firefighting Foam Lawyers;Elmiron Lawyers in Blue Mountain at Attorney Motion are ready to help with the Elmiron lawsuit. info@meshbesher. We have bankruptcy lawyers, round up lawyers, Elmiron lawyers, and attorneys to help you with your legal issues. Call us toll-free any time at (844) 999-9999 or fill out our online contact form for a free, no-obligation case evaluation. If it’s more convenient for you, we will send a top-rated WV car accident lawyer to you. Send Us Email. One of the greatest advantages of being a renter is that the landlord is responsible for maintenance making sure that the living space is habitable. Box 961 Lewiston, Maine 04243 Local: (207) 784-3576. North Augusta, SC; Easley, SC; Simpsonville, SC; Contact our South Carolina Elmiron eye lawyers for a free maculopathy claim review. Give us a call for an Elmiron attorney and hire professional Elmiron lawsuit lawyers. Based on settlements in prior mass tort drug cases, our product liability lawyers anticipate the following settlement amounts in lawsuits: Vision Impairment Level. Patients may experience a wide range of pain, from slight discomfort to debilitating pain. FREE Case Review (866) 588-0600 Call Today for a FREE Confidential Case Review, Toll-Free 24/7 (866) 588-0600Our Bankruptcy Lagal Team is There to Help with Bankruptcy Litigation, Foreign Insolvency and Debt Restructuring in Ruleville. Alpharetta, GA. 5 Million. C. 40% – 80%. Get Quick Support (888) 638-0008 (888) 638-0008 Toggle navigation. District Judge. Carrollton, GA. A Law Firm practicing Divorce law. Our top-rated Elmiron Lawyers in Augusta, ME are ready to help with the elmiron lawsuit at Local Attorneys 360. If you had eye damage, vision loss or blindness from Elmiron, contact our lawyers for lawsuit info at (866) 920-0753. Login or Sign Up;November 2023: Lawyers speculated bellwether trials are postponed as settlement negotiations are taking place. Send Us Email. It is utilized to treat a condition known as interstitial cystitis ("IC"), better known as “bladder pain syndrome. Divorce Lawyers; Family Lawyers;Elmiron Litigation - Visit our attorneys in Biloxi, Mississippi for a free consultation today! Elmiron Litigation - Visit our attorneys in Biloxi, Mississippi for a free consultation today!. Home; Services. Call Us Today! 833-426-0804. 2 days ago · Suzanne Russell, an assistant attorney general and one of the prosecutors in the case, objected to that but said the state would agree to a bail of $5,000, which Billings ordered. We've worked on over 8,300 cases, including many in South Carolina. Divorce Lawyers; Family Lawyers;Give a call for Elmiron defective drug lawyers, Elmiron eye damage lawyers, and hire professional local Elmiron eye injury lawyers. 804. Divorce Lawyers; Family Lawyers;Mar 14, 2023 | Attorney Matthew Dolman. That means they have extensive experience in car accident claims. Elmiron is the only FDA-approved treatment for this debilitating condition. Email Us. Home; Legal Services. The bicycle accident lawyers at Berman & Simmons know and support your rights. Phone calls. Call Us Today! 833-426-0804. Location. 1-866-806-8117 | info@hmf-law. Last Updated: November 17, 2023. It’s possible that your vision changes are totally. Divorce Lawyers; Family Lawyers;Elmiron (pentosan polysulfate sodium a. Home; Services. Save. Contact the Elmiron Lawyers from TorHoerman Law. Elmiron is the brand name for pentosane polysulfate sodium. December 07, 2021 By. The FDA released a report February 4, 2021 indicating that Xeljanz and Xeljanz XR, medicines used to treat arthritis and ulcerative colitis, is linked to an increased risk of cancGive a call for Elmiron defective drug lawyers, Elmiron eye damage lawyers, and hire professional local Elmiron eye injury lawyers. 7% of patients who took 13. 405 Madison Avenue, #1440. However, if you have taken Elmiron and have problems in both. 7 years worth of the drug developed vision problems. A. What is Elmiron? Elmiron is known scientifically as pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS). elementor-element. Xeljanz Lawsuit. Give a call for Elmiron defective drug lawyers, Elmiron eye damage lawyers, and hire professional local Elmiron eye injury lawyers. As of November 2023, there were 1,916 Elmiron lawsuits pending in a federal MDL. Vision loss attorneys, The Ruth Law Team. Please call (903) 597-6000 to discuss your case. Send Us Email. k. Elmiron Lawsuit. S. West Law Firm is located in Charleston, West Virginia, but we represent clients across the country. Elmiron Vision Loss WarningsGive a call for Elmiron defective drug lawyers, Elmiron eye damage lawyers, and hire professional local Elmiron eye injury lawyers. Paying for an Elmiron Lawsuit Attorney Is Easy and Affordable. Give us a call for an Elmiron attorney and hire professional Elmiron lawsuit lawyers. AUGUSTA, Maine, Jan. 5050. You can either file an individual lawsuit or add your case to the multidistrict litigation (MDL) effort that is currently underway. 00 Recovered for Personal Injury Clients - 46 Years of ExperienceElmiron Lawyers in Mount Olive at Attorney Motion are ready to help with the Elmiron lawsuit. 0:03. Elmiron is a drug prescribed to treat interstitial. Huntsville, AL. Our Elmiron Lawyers estimate that Elmiron settlement amounts may range between $20,000 and $1,000,000 depending on the extent of eye damage or vision loss and other related factors. Bankruptcy Lawyers; Roundup Lawyers; Elmiron Lawyers; Firefighting Foam Lawyers;Elmiron Lawyers in Lumberton at Attorney Motion are ready to help with the Elmiron lawsuit. Give a call for Elmiron defective drug lawyers, Elmiron eye damage lawyers, and hire professional local Elmiron eye injury lawyers. Call Now! Open 24/7 (888) 783-8378. FREE Case Review (866) 588-0600 Call Today for a FREE Confidential Case Review, Toll-Free 24/7 (866) 588-0600 Our Bankruptcy Lagal Team is There to Help with Bankruptcy Litigation, Foreign Insolvency and Debt Restructuring in Ruleville. And remember, there’s no upfront cost to you — if you don’t get paid, we. com. Home;. can help. FOR LAWYERS. Last Updated: April 10, 2023. This is an active lawsuit. 99 reviews. Get Quick Support (888) 638-0008 (888) 638-0008 Toggle navigation. If you had retinal damage or a macular eye disease from Elmiron, contact our Texas lawyers for lawsuit info at (866) 879-3040. The Holland Law Firm is dedicated to representing people from all walks of life, often during their most desperate hours. Email Us. Get Quick Support (888) 638-0008 (888) 638-0008 Toggle navigation. Send Us Email. Only $14. If you or a loved one was diagnosed with vision damage or loss following the use of Elmiron, we want to evaluate your potential case. Lance Bork. com 1-888-632-3495Elmiron Lawyers in Arkabutla at Attorney Motion are ready to help with the Elmiron lawsuit. Select a state on the map below to view resources for your state. Before any exterminator enters your unit, your landlord should give you proper notice. We Investigate Your Case for Free. Please call (207) 784-3576 for a free case evaluation. Send Us Email. S. Keith B. Elmiron was approved by the FDA in 1996 and was the first drug approved for IC treatment. Our team uses world-renowned medical experts to obtain maximum. Let the Heavy Hitters® Take On Your Case 804-250-5050. Find your Virginia Elmiron lawyer on Lawyer. Clara Mass Tort Cases Against ElmironGive a call for Elmiron defective drug lawyers, Elmiron eye damage lawyers, and hire professional local Elmiron eye injury lawyers. A lawsuit filed by Elmiron patients who allegedly developed potentially permanent vision damage, retinal damage, blurred vision, and eye disease could head to trial in January 2023, according to recent court documents. Ga. Elmiron Lawsuits. Has There Been a Recall on Elmiron? Despite very strong evidence presented by researchers that Elmiron causes eye injury, Elmiron has faced no recalls. Email Us. We believe that most Elmiron lawsuits will be settled in 2023, possibly this spring. The Damages You Could Receive From Your Lawsuit. Membership Details; MY ACCOUNT. Call Now To Speak With A Lawyer for a Free Consultation: 1-844-275-6900. To review a potential claim for yourself or a loved one, request a free consultation and claim evaluation. Location. Elmiron was approved by the FDA in 1996, and patients taking it for IC typically receive about three 100 mg doses daily. The maximum amount for which a tenant can sue in Georgia Magistrate Peace Court is $15,000. Call Riddle & Brantley Today (800) 525-7111. Matthews & Associates is listed in. Get Quick Support (888) 638-0008 (888) 638-0008 Toggle navigation. Settlement Range. Call Now 24/7 for a Free Consultation . Speak with an Elmiron Lawyer. Email Us. is a third-generation personal injury firm that has earned a national reputation for successfully taking on big drug companies. Only $14. Give us a call for an Elmiron attorney and hire professional Elmiron lawsuit lawyers. Taxotere Eye Injury Lawsuit. Send Us Email. For a free consultation with our Elmiron lawsuit attorneys, please call our Elmiron lawyers at 713-622-7271 or fill out the form below. Keith was twice named to the Super Lawyers 2017 and 2018 Georgia Rising. His practice is focused on business transactions and advising business owners. Save. Accident Attorney; Bus Accident Lawyers; Car Accident Lawyers; Truck Accident Lawyers. Savannah, GA. $25,000 coverage per accident for property damage. S. Related Article: 3M Earplug Lawsuits Update. Skip Navigation. We are representing clients nationwide and are available to take your call 24/7. Home; Legal Services. We proudly serve the Hudson Valley area, including Kingston, Newburgh, and. Staunton, VA. Monthly case management conferences are scheduled through 2022 in order for lawyers in Elmiron litigation to prepare the first bellwether cases for trial by January 2023. Over the last 25 years, hundreds of thousands of people have been prescribed Elmiron (pentosan. Location. Box 961 Lewiston, Maine 04243 Local: (207) 784-3576. Hammond. Elmiron is a medication also known as pentosan polysulfate sodium. Morgan & Morgan's attorneys reached a $44 million settlement in a class-action lawsuit against Monier, an organization that made false claims about their faulty roofing tile products. Call (800) 383-7027 or email us to schedule a free, confidential consultation. Furthermore, it is an unfortunate fact that the threat of litigation is often the only effective way to pressure a large company to prioritize consumer safety over profits. About Lindsay. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Elmiron in 1996 to treat IC and troubling urinary tract symptoms, including chronic bladder pain. Please call 1-800-525-7111 today and let’s review your Elmiron claim. For two decades, Pennock served as chair of one of Weitz & Luxenberg’s national litigation practice groups. An Elmiron Lawsuit Attorney Can Help You. Do not leave the scene of the accident before help arrives. Like all injury claims, most asbestos cases will reach an out-of-court settlement or some other resolution before a trial needs to take place, but asbestos cases also. in New Jersey are committed to holding negligent drug manufacturers accountable when their actions harm others. Takeaway: Elmiron has only been approved for 24 years. Get Quick Support (888) 638-0008 (888) 638-0008 Toggle navigation. Our lawyers have received trauma-informed training and specialize in working with survivors. Call Today For a Free Accident Consultation. Sokolove Law is a national law firm that has helped people in Maine and all 50 states get access to legal assistance. Virgilina, VA. Bankruptcy Lawyers; Roundup Lawyers; Elmiron Lawyers; Firefighting Foam Lawyers;Elmiron eye lawyers believe that filing Elmiron lawsuits in New York is the only effective method to seek compensation for the harm resulting from this dangerous drug. Illinois Elmiron Lawsuit Attorneys - Naperville Product Liability LawyerGive a call for Elmiron defective drug lawyers, Elmiron eye damage lawyers, and hire professional local Elmiron eye injury lawyers. In May 2020, Tina Pisco filed an Elmiron lawsuit against Janssen Pharmaceuticals and Johnson & Johnson. Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation appointed U. You can call us at 888-795-0694 for a free consultation, or tell us about your case with our Free Case Review form. This is an active lawsuit. Our experienced lawyers will be able to give you a. In 2020, Johnson and Johnson paid a settlement worth nearly $100 million for 1,000 Talcum Powder Lawsuits. Advertisement1 day ago · In a press release, Augusta County Sheriff Donald Smith said, “Sgt. , having won many of the largest jury verdicts and settlements ever obtained for injured people in Maine. Clayton L. Hip Replacements . Time limits: Every four years for drivers age 65 and older; every six years for those under age 65. Attorney Travis Brennan is a highly skilled and accomplished trial attorney who represents clients in claims involving medical malpractice, wrongful death, personal injury, and defective products. Home; Legal Services. Just call Parker Waichman today at 1-800-YOUR-LAWYER (1-800-968-7529) or contact us online to get a free consultation with a skilled pharmaceutical lawsuit attorney. What: The Jeep Grand Wagoneer model years 2022-2023 and the Jeep Wagoneer model years 2022-2023. Give a call for Elmiron defective drug lawyers, Elmiron eye damage lawyers, and hire professional local Elmiron eye injury lawyers. Our firm has played a significant role in many high-profile class action and mass tort cases because we care about every victim. Open for Business. Give a call for Elmiron defective drug lawyers, Elmiron eye damage lawyers, and hire professional local Elmiron eye injury lawyers. Don’t Delay: File Your Defective Drug Injury Claim Against the Makers of Elmiron. Georgia Right to Farm Statute. Side effects of Elmiron have been associated with vision loss and retina damage known as pigmentary maculopathy. Over 30 years experience helping the people in and around Augusta. 5007. Steps to Follow to Pursue an Elmiron Lawsuit: 1. Divorce Lawyers at 601 North Belair Square, Suite 7, Augusta, GA 30809-4322. Visit Website. Send Us Email. Home; Services. Our lawyers can hear your story and advise you of your legal options. It’s possible that your vision changes are totally. If you had retinal maculopathy or an eye disease from Elmiron, contact our lawyers for lawsuit info at (866) 920-0753. Find an experienced Elmiron lawyer who will investigate cases of people who took Elmiron and were diagnosed with maculopathy. Elmiron Lawsuits Across the U. Eighty percent were serious. If you'd like to know more about how we can help resolve your personal injury case, reach out today for a free legal consultation. Divorce Lawyers;However, Georgia landlords must let prospective tenants know if flooding has caused damage (including mold) to the living space at least three times in the five years preceding the lease start date (Ga. 11 Weston Street. Yogaville, VA. Virginia Beach, VA. Hudson. Talk with Doctor. Furthermore, it is an unfortunate fact that the threat of litigation is often the only effective way to pressure a large company to prioritize consumer safety over profits. Give us a call for elmiron defective drug lawyers, elmiron vision loss lawyers, and hire our professional elmiron lawsuit lawyers. ) See a Doctor. Toms Brook, VA. Personal to you and your situation, which then requires a specialized and unique approach at choosing if filing for bankruptcy is right for you, and navigating the many questions that may arise regarding chapter 7 or. Elmiron®. When you hire a Riddle & Brantley Elmiron lawyer, you will be supported by an entire staff of paralagals, case managers, and investigators committed to your success. personal injury hotline. 800-620-0900. Our team serves victims of defective drugs across the nation. Lance Bork. This medication is used to treat interstitial cystitis, which is a chronic bladder condition. They fight for victims of car accidents, truck accidents, motorcycle accidents, dog bites, a slip and fall accident, work injury, other personal injury, or wrongful death. Auto Accidents. Louisiana Elmiron ® Lawsuit Attorneys . In a Friday order, U. Practice Areas. Elmiron is a. MenuGive a call for Elmiron defective drug lawyers, Elmiron eye damage lawyers, and hire professional local Elmiron eye injury lawyers. Nationally recognized drug recall lawyer discusses reasons for FDA drug recalls and how to file a drug recall lawsuit. Location. Elmiron lawsuits are ongoing, so we recommend speaking with our law firm for more information about the multidistrict litigation. Give a call for Elmiron defective drug lawyers, Elmiron eye damage lawyers, and hire professional local Elmiron eye injury lawyers. Email Us. skip to Main Content English | Español (803) 200-2000 FREE CASE EVALUATIONFree Consultation - Call (630) 527-1595 - Collins Law Firm helps victims and their families receive compensation for their injuries in Product Liability and Defective Product cases. Contact an Elmiron Lawyer at 800-359-5690 or fill out a contact form to schedule your free case evaluation. Contact our Elmiron class action lawyers today to get your case started. Send Us Email. J. Get Quick Support (888) 638-0008 (888) 638-0008 Toggle navigation. 129 Lisbon Street, P. That means they have extensive experience in car accident claims. Ashburn, VA. Elmiron Lawyers in New Augusta at Attorney Motion are ready to help with the Elmiron lawsuit. 7562 for a free evaluation. Released in the late '90s and more commonly prescribed to women, Elmiron gained popularity as it was the only known drug to treat this condition. Over 30 years experience helping the people in and around Augusta. Elmiron is used to treat interstitial cystitis (IC), a bladder condition known as “painful bladder syndrome. Elmiron Lawsuit Update May 2022. Let our Georgia asbestos lawyers put their experience to work for you. Learn about compensation. Furthermore, it is an unfortunate fact that the threat of litigation is often the only effective way to pressure a large company to prioritize consumer safety over profits. The plaintiffs' Elmiron lawyers allege that the manufacturer, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, failed to warn both doctors and patients that the drug could cause vision problems and possibly lead to blindness. Your landlord should hire a qualified exterminator to inspect for and measure the concentration of bed bugs in your rental (and also adjoining units). Login or Sign Up; Ask A Lawyer Click Here to Connect with a Lawyer. The drug is primarily used to treat interstitial cystitis (IC)/bladder pain syndrome (BPS), a chronic bladder health issue. For a free confidential consultation with Elmiron Lawyers at our law firm, please call (800) 315-3806 or submit an email inquiry. The total now stands at 1,916, and it’s unlikely to reach 2,000 plaintiffs. Email Us. Home; Legal Services. Location. Buckfire Law currently represents individuals who took Elmiron and suffered vision damage. Give a call for Elmiron defective drug lawyers, Elmiron eye damage lawyers, and hire professional local Elmiron eye injury lawyers. 610. Free Help: Use This Form or Call 800-620-0900. Let us put our decades of experience to work for you. There is no obligation and there are no upfront costs or attorney fees unless we recover compensation for you. They fight for victims of car accidents, truck accidents, motorcycle accidents, dog bites, a slip and fall accident, work injury, other personal injury, or wrongful death. Elmiron Lawsuits. Elmiron works by attaching itself to the bladder’s wall, providing a buffer.